KAZAKHSTAN - Export Tax.

In January 2004, Kazakhstan began taxing crude oil exports for the first time. Now, producers must pay taxes on exports in increasing magnitude as world prices fluctuate. The tax ranges from 1% when prices are around $19/barrel, to 33% when prices are at $40/barrel or above. All exporters except those in fixed price production-sharing agreements (PSAs) are liable to pay the tax.

Though Kazakhstan's crude oil and condensate output has risen to 1.3m b/d, domestic fuel consumption is limited to the yields of 200,000 b/d of crude oil being allocated for the local market. Trade House KMG still imports some crude oil and products. Most of the crude imports come from Russia. …